Hargeisa, July 24, 2016, (Wajaalenews.net) Dawladda Federaalka ah ee SOmalia ayaa ka been sheegtay dhacdooyinkii ka dhacay dhulkii Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed, sannadihii u dhaxeeyay 1978-1991.

sida ku cad bogga taariikheedka ee Qaramada Midoobay ay ku leedahay dawladda Soomaaliyeed oo ay haatan ku fadhido dawladda Federaalka ah ee SOmalia, waxa ay sheegtay in dadka Soomaaliyeed ee nidaamkii SIyaad Barre laayay marka la isku geeyo ay noqonayaan oo keli ah 7000 oo qof.

warbixintani oo ku taala bogga la yidhaahdo profile-ka (wadanka) oo wadan kasta oo ka mid ah loo geliyo taariikhdiisa iyo waxyaabihii wadankiisa ka dhacay, waxa soo gudbiya dawladda xubinta ka ah, isla markaana dawladda federaalka oo ah ta haatan dib u cusboonaysiisay, isla markaana ku dartay taariikhda intii ka dambaysay 1978-1991 ilaa maanta waxa ay ku tidhi. “sannadkii 1979-kii ciidadamada dawladda Soomaaliyeed oo ka jawaabaya weerar kaga yimid dhinaca jabhad ay u badnaayeen qabiilka Majeerteenku waxa lagu laayay ilaa 2000 oo qof, isla markaana waxa la kufsaday dumar fara badan oo reer miyi, kuwaasi oo xataa xoolahoodii laga qaaday”.

hase yeeshee markii ay soo gaadhay xagga SNM iyo dagaaladii iyo dhibaatooyinkii ay dawladii Soomaaliyeed u geysatay shacabka Somaliland, waxa ay tidhi. “Markii ay SNM weerarka ku soo qaaday magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Hargeysa iyo Burco, sannadkii 1988-kii bishii May, dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay duqayn SNM ku khasabtay inay dib uga baxaan magaalooyinkii ay qabsadeen, isla markaana ku dhawaad 300,000 oo kun oo qof oo isaaq ah ayaa u barakacay dhinaca Itoobiya. sidoo kale Milatarigu waxay sameeyeen aargoosi ka dhan ah Isaaqa si la mid ah sidii Majeerteenka, waxaana la dilay intii u dhaxaysay bishii May 27-keedii ilaa bishii December ee 1988-kii ilaa 5000 oo qof oo Isaaq ah, iyada oo ay 4000 oo qof ay ku dhinteen dagaalada, halka 1000- qof oo ay ku jiraan dumar iyo carruurna la sheegay inay ku kula kaceen falal horseeday dhimashadooda”.

haddaba, warbixinta ku qoran profilekani waxay ka soo horjeedaa, warbixinihii ay Qaramada Midoobay iyo hay’adaha caalamiga ah sida Human Rights Watch ka sheegeen xasuuqa laga geystay SOmaliland oo ay ku sheegeen in magaalada Hargeysa oo keli ah lagu dilay in ka badan 50,000 oo qof, halka ay guddida xasuuqa ee Somaliland oo kaashanaysa xogaha laga helay xabaal wadareedyaduna ku tilmaantay in ilaa 200,000 oo qof la xasuuqay.

ma cadda sababta ay dawladda SOmalia iskaga indha tirtay warbixinahaasi, waxaase loo malaynayaa inay doonayso inay kaga hortagto heshiis ay Somaliland kula gaadhay in la isla ogolaado in xasuuq laga geystay dhulkii Soomaaliyeed gaar ahaana Somaliland.

warbixintaasi oo Ingiriisi ahina waxay u qornayd sidan:

https://www.un.int/somalia/somalia/country-facts

Prelude to the Somali Civil War
In the aftermath of the Ogaden debacle, a group of disgruntled army officers attempted a coup d’état against the regime in April 1978. Their leader was Colonel Mahammad Shaykh Usmaan, a member of the Majeerteen clan. The coup failed and seventeen alleged ringleaders, including Usmaan, were summarily executed. All but one of the executed were of the Majeerteen clan. One of the plotters, Lieutenant Colonel Abdillaahi Yuusuf Ahmad, a Majeerteen, escaped to Ethiopia and founded an anti-Siad Barre organization initially called the Somali Salvation Front (SSDF; later the Somali Salvation Democratic Front, SSDF). During their preeminence in the civilian regimes, the Majeerteen had alienated other clans. Thus, when Siad Barre sent the Red Berets against the Majeerteen in Mudug Region, other clans declined to support them.

The Red Berets systematically smashed the small reservoirs in the area around Galcaio so as to deny water to the Umar Mahamuud Majeerteen sub-clans and their herds. In May and June 1979, more than 2,000 Umar Mahamuud, the Majeerteen sub-clan of Colonel Ahmad, died of thirst in the waterless area northeast of Galcaio, Garoowe, and Jerriiban. In Galcaio, members of the Victory Pioneers, the urban militia notorious for harassing civilians, raped large numbers of Majeerteen women. In addition, the clan lost an estimated 50,000 camels, 10,000 cattle, and 100,000 sheep and goats.

The Isaaq as a clan-family occupy the northern portion of the country. Three major cities are predominantly, if not exclusively, Isaaq: Hargeisa, the second largest city in Somalia until it was razed during disturbances in 1988; Burao in the interior, also destroyed by the military; and the port of Berbera.

Formed in London on April 6, 1981, by 400 to 500 Isaaq emigrés, the Somali National Movement (SNM) remained an Isaaq clan-family organization dedicated to ridding the country of Siad Barre. The Isaaq felt deprived both as a clan and as a region, and Isaaq outbursts against the central government had occurred sporadically since independence. The SNM launched a military campaign in 1988, capturing Burao on May 27 and part of Hargeisa on May 31. Government forces bombarded the towns heavily in June, forcing the SNM to withdraw and causing more than 300,000 Isaaq to flee to Ethiopia.

The military regime conducted savage reprisals against the Isaaq. The same methods were used as against the Majeerteen — destruction of water wells and grazing grounds and raping of women. An estimated 5,000 Isaaq were killed between May 27 and the end of December 1988. About 4,000 died in the fighting, but 1,000, including women and children, were alleged to have been bayoneted to death.

The Hawiye occupy the south central portions of Somalia. The capital of Mogadishu is located in the country of the Abgaal, a Hawiye subclan. In numbers the Hawiye in Somalia are roughly comparable to the Isaaq, occupying a distant second place to the Daarood clans. Southern Somalia’s first prime minister during the UN trusteeship period, Abdullaahi Iise, was a Hawiye; so was the trust territory’s first president, Aadan Abdullah Usmaan. The first commander of the Somali army, General Daauud, was also a Hawiye. Although the Hawiye had not held any major office since independence, they had occupied important administrative positions in the bureaucracy and in the top army command.

In the late 1980s, disaffection with the regime set in among the Hawiye who felt increasingly marginalized in the Siad Barre regime. From the town of Beledweyne in the central valley of the Shabele River to Buulobarde, to Giohar, and in Mogadishu, the clan was subjected to ruthless assault. Government atrocities inflicted on the Hawiye were considered comparable in scale to those against the Majeerteen and Isaaq. By undertaking this assault on the Hawiye, Siad Barre committed a fatal error: by alienating the Hawiye, Siad Barre turned his last stronghold into enemy territory.

Faced with saboteurs by day and sniper fire by night, Siad Barre ordered remaining units of the badly demoralized Red Berets to massacre civilians. By 1989 torture and murder became the order of the day in Mogadishu. On July 9, 1989, Somalia’s Italian-born Roman Catholic bishop, Salvatore Colombo, was gunned down in his church in Mogadishu by an unknown assassin. The order to murder the bishop, an outspoken critic of the regime, was widely believed to have had come from the presidential palace.

On the heels of the bishop’s murder came the July 14 massacre, when the Red Berets slaughtered 450 Muslims demonstrating against the arrest of their spiritual leaders. More than 2,000 were seriously injured. The next day, forty-seven people, mainly from the Isaaq clan, were taken to Jasiira Beach west of the city and summarily executed. The July massacres prompted a shift in United States policy as the United States began to distance itself from Siad Barre.

With the loss of United States support, the regime grew more desperate. An anti-Siad Barre demonstration on July 6, 1990, at a soccer match in the main stadium deteriorated into a riot, causing Siad Barre’s bodyguard to panic and open fire on the demonstrators. At least sixty-five people were killed. A week later, while the city reeled from the impact of what came to be called the Stadia Corna Affair, Siad Barre sentenced to death 46 prominent members of the Manifesto Group, a body of 114 notables who had signed a petition in May calling for elections and improved human rights. During the contrived trial that resulted in the death sentences, demonstrators surrounded the court and activity in the city came to a virtual halt. On July 13, a shaken Siad Barre dropped the charges against the accused. As the city celebrated victory, Siad Barre, conceding defeat for the first time in twenty years, retreated into his bunker at the military barracks near the airport to save himself from the people’s wrath.